Common Core “Yes”—Smarter Balanced Tests “No”
How can I be feel that the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) are a step forward and yet criticize the Smarter Balanced tests as harshly as I have done in the paper “The Smarter Balanced Common Core Tests for Mathematics Are Fatally Flawed and Should Not Be Used”?
The movement to push back against the domination of testing in public education includes participants with diverse educational views—from people who believe the Federal government has no role in public education to parents of special education students outraged that their children are subjected to inappropriate measure. It includes some that see the Common Core standards and the tests aligned with them as one and the same, and others, like me, who do not. I believe that the matter of endorsing or not endorsing the Common Core standards and liking or not liking the high-stakes tests associated with them are two entirely different issues. To say that well considered standards and these poorly crafted high stakes test are inseparable misses the mark. I am sure some who dislike the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics will exploit my own critique for their own goals—goals very different from mine. I have gone to great lengths to be clear about my position. I have been invited to testify against the Common Core standards and the Smarter Balanced tests in a politically motivated hearing sponsored by a state politician with views as far from my own as one could possibly imagine. I declined to testify, but suggested that if the politician wanted to change his bill to support Common Core but ban the tests, I’d be happy to participate.
Students and teachers deserve an assessment system that promotes high-quality education and that accurately assesses what kids know. These tests do neither. If we fall into the trap of defending tests that are not defensible, we will lose our professional integrity as educators. The student walkouts and protests precipitated by high-stakes tests that we are seeing around the country are a sign that something is wrong in education and needs correcting. Parents, kids and teachers are fed up with testing as the main diet in schools. As a mathematics education professional I am with them in this movement. Sheila Cohen, President of the Connecticut Education Association, summarized the issue well in an op-ed piece for the Hartford Courant, “The driving force behind decisions affecting Connecticut public schools should be what is best for children. However, the reality is that schools have been hurt by relentless and snowballing testing that has left reason and learning behind.”
When I say, “Common Core ‘Yes,'” I do not believe that there are no problems with the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics as they were written. I am particularly sensitive to concerns about how Common Core at early grades may be developmentally shaky. And had I written a detailed critique of those standards, you can be sure I would have found much to take issue with. Many educators whom I admire feel that Common Core should be abandoned. I believe differently. I think, at least in mathematics, the Common Core standards have initiated an important and useful process to examine what we teach when, and what we value in mathematics instruction. As I point out in my critique of the Smarter Balanced tests, I especially like the Standards for Mathematical Practice. For those of you who are familiar with the work of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), I think that the NCTM Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, articulated in 2000, would have been a better starting place for national consensus than CCSSM. More time was taken in the development NCTM’s standards than was taken with the rushed Common Core standards, and more people with deep subject-matter knowledge and with extensive classroom experience informed their contents. NCTM published drafts of their standards and there was an open period of public comment and revision that led to far more consensus among stakeholders regarding their content that we had with Common Core. But here we are in 2015 and Common Core has been put in place by a majority of states. “Woulda coulda shoulda” won’t move us forward.
Diane Ravitch has an excellent post on her blog site titled The Fatal Flaw of the Common Core Standards in which she argues that Common Core are not really standards at because: “They were written in a manner that violates the nationally and international recognized process for writing standards.” Ravitch points out: “There is a recognized protocol for writing standards, and the Common Core standards failed to comply with that protocol. In the United States, the principles of standard-setting have been clearly spelled out by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).” While I agree with her, I am also a pragmatist. After participating in adult battles over school mathematics “standards” for 25 years, I think it’s time to get on with educating kids. Standards fights have been a diversion of professional energy away from teaching for too long. The mathematics teaching community has been tortured by standards debates for so long that I fear teachers are abandoning the profession over these battles and young people are reticent to go into teaching for fear of being caught in a politicized “standards” quagmire. Let’s accept CCSSM as a reasonable starting point for agreement on what should be taught in school and how and let’s set up a real process—using the ANSI benchmarks that Ravitch discusses. South Korea has refined their national standards for mathematics education through seven periodic cyclic iterations of development, use and revision while we in the U.S. can’t even agree on a starting place for a healthy standards development process. So when I say, “Common Core ‘Yes,'” I really mean “Common Core Iteration 1 ‘Yes,'” I’m ready for Common Core 2.0!
And speaking of Common Core 2.0, friend, retired teacher and active mathematics professional Henri Picciotto has written a thoughtful paper describing changes he’d like to see in CCSSM. Henri’s paper is a must read: http://www.mathedpage.org/teaching/common-core. Whether you agree or not with all of Henri’s points, it is just this sort of analysis and dialog that our community needs in order to capitalize on our experience and expertise and strengthen our standards going forward.
There are other opinions on Common Core worth considering. A new professional friend recently pointed me to an excellent January 23, 2014, piece on the Washington Post website by Valerie Strauss titled: The coming Common Core meltdown. Whatever your position on Common Core, this piece will really make you think about it.
Ever since I publicly challenged the quality of the tests, I have received a trickle of messages from professional friends who think I may have done irreparable harm to the effort to improve testing in mathematics. They feel that my position may lead to the clock being turned back and a reversion to the days of multiple-choice tests and narrow curricula devoid of the things that engage students and make them think deeply. I am sure many others, friends and people who don’t know me, concur.
One friend, who I respect highly, put it like this:
There is no doubt to the validity of my friend’s point: performance tasks and constructed response items in standardized assessments are important improvements over previous generations of fill-in-the-bubble multiple-choice tests—if they are designed well. We must continue to demand that future tests be based on these types of items. After all, performance tasks and constructed responses are the basis of classroom instruction, and reflecting the norm of educational activity on standardized tests makes basic educational sense. But this argument does not mean that teachers, students, parents, or even this educational professional must accept any test that self-claims to offer improvement without critical analysis.
I considered my friend’s position before I wrote my critique—and I concluded, as I stated in it: “Unfortunately, the Smarter Balanced tests are lemons. They fail to meet acceptable standards of quality and performance, especially with respect to their technology-enhanced items. They should be withdrawn from the market before they precipitate a national catastrophe.” Even in light of criticism from friends and colleagues I trust and respect, I stand by my position.
One could easily argue that I am inconsistent with my position, arguing that the CCSSM should be improved through iterative cycles while the Smarter Balanced tests should not be used. I think there is a vast difference between the role of standards and the role of tests in education. Standards are guidelines used by and mediated by professional educators—teachers, administrators, curriculum developers—who can address their shortcomings and protect students from the impact of those shortcomings. High stakes tests administered by computers directly to students with the intent of taking teachers and all other human intermediaries out of the equation directly impact students. On a good day “relentless” high-stakes testing has dubious value. The direct blows wielded against student self-efficacy, desire to learn, and conceptual understanding by shoddily-crafted, punitive, high-stakes tests that aren’t even intended to inform learning rises to the level of child abuse.
I also believe that technology gives us, perhaps for the first time, useful ways to assess students in ways compatible with good teaching and learning. The technology implemented in the Smarter Balanced tests, however, is not that technology. Nor can it be easily transformed into that technology. I say the tests are fatally flawed because the technology engines that drive the tests are poorly informed and poorly conceptualized. No mere tinkering will correct the flaws. The technology employed is not ready for prime time.
I do not think that pushing ahead with unwavering support for the testing juggernaut represented by Smarter Balanced is going to get us to a place where education will be better. In fact, it is impossible to achieve the goals of better teaching and deeper learning in mathematics classrooms by using poorly crafted high-stakes tests as the benchmark for success. As I state in my critique, I believe that the flaws in these tests will, in fact, doom Common Core standards—and I think this would be a step backwards for education in the United States. Better classroom instruction in mathematics is possible in the U.S. These tests are incompatible with that goal.
To say one supports Common Core standards does not have to mean that we have to also support these “relentless and snowballing” poor-quality high-stakes tests. I wish that the tests were better. There are bright spots is some places, but there are far too many low points. When high-quality assessments were promised as part of the U.S. Education Department Race to the Top initiative, I had high hopes. But Smarter Balanced didn’t deliver. If Smarter Balanced wanted to play the high-stakes game, they should have gotten their tests right—before 10 million students were forced to take them. Maybe future tests can make the grade.
If the only chants are “Stop Common Core and SBAC” and “Common Core and SBAC Forever,” my analysis is too nuanced for the debate. Perhaps, however, it will help people think that we actually have more choices than two. Improving mathematics education in the United States is a complex process. No simplistic strategy will lead to success.
